當代國內公共空間導視設計
CONTEMPORARY DOMESTIC PUBLIC SPACE GUIDE DESIGN
導視、導示、導識與導向，在許多專業書籍中都被認為是同一或者相似的內容。按其字意可理解為指示、引導和視線。導視系統是指一個區域完整的信息指示系統，導視的類型很多，通常被概括為四大類型：
1、指示性導視牌。提供路線指南，讓人們對陌生環境的路線一目了然。設計側重于區域方向信息的指示以及提供的公共服務設施等信息。
2、規定性標牌。用于揭示公共空間規章制度，規范人們行為的標牌。通過這類標牌，可以宣揚保護自然，親近環境的信息，提醒人們注意自己的責任，使人的行為符合健康生活的原則，避免和防止意外事故的發生。
3、介紹性標牌。用來說明區域內的有關情況，既幫助人們了解環境，也可以豐富人們的視野。4、關懷性標牌。目的在于宣傳環保、生態旅游、全民健身等口號，主張營造人與自然之間和諧共生的關系，充分體現人文關懷，同時彌補其他標牌內容的不足。隨著環境類型的不斷增多，環境與環境之間的相互交叉和影響越來越明顯，現代導視的種類也在不斷豐富，具體的劃分細則還有待完善。
Guide, guide, guide and guide, are considered to be the same or similar content in many professional books. According to its meaning can be understood as instruction, guidance and sight. The guidance system refers to a complete information indicating system in a region, and there are many types of guidance, which are generally summarized as four types:
1. Indicative guide card. Provide route guidance for people to know the route of unfamiliar environment at a glance. The design focuses on the direction of the regional direction information and the provision of public service facilities and other information.
2. It is used to reveal the rules and regulations of public space and regulate the signs of people's behavior. Through this kind of sign, can promote conservation of nature, close to the environment information, remind people to pay attention to its own responsibility, make the person's behavior conforms to the principle of a healthy life, avoid and prevent the happening of the accident.
3. Introduction signs. It is used to explain the situation in the region, which can help people understand the environment and enrich people's vision. 4. Caring sign. Purpose is to promote environmental protection, ecological tourism, the national fitness slogans such as, advocate to build a harmonious coexistence between man and nature, fully embody the humanistic care, make up the lack of other signs content at the same time. With the increasing of environmental types, the cross and influence between environment and environment are becoming more and more obvious, and the types of modern guide are also being enriched, and the detailed rules of division are still to be perfected.
一、公共導視設計在我國的發展
與國外相比，雖然我國的導視設計起步較晚，但發展很快。1938 年，國內首次頒布實施國家標準GB3818-1983《公共信息圖形符號》，標準中規定了15個用于公共場所的圖形符號。這些標準符號的制定和實施，開創了我國公共信息圖形符號標準化的先河。2000年以后，國家質量技術監督局又陸續頒布了GB/T10001《標志用公共信息圖形符號》的系列標準，此時的標準符號種類劃分更多，傳達的信息內容也更加準確生動，這對快速發展的城市空間而言，無異于火中送炭。在國內一些東部發達城市，導視的發展已經相當成熟。如廣州、深圳、上海等地區，這些地區代表著中國導視系統設計的發展前沿。許多功能完備、造型獨特的導視系統對方便人們生活起到了重要作用。良好的物質基礎和技術支撐為導視設計的發展提供了前所未有的契機。新材料和新技術的廣泛應用，大大提升了導視的功能。
當然，也存在不少問題。首先，各種環境導視規劃的整體性不強，與環境的協調性不夠，設計觀念的更新不足。導視牌的批量化生產現象十分嚴重，忽視了與環境與文化的關系問題。尤其是在許多商業環境里，導視系統設計千篇一律，缺乏對空間整體的考慮。雜亂無章的各類廣告標牌充斥著城市空間，搶占了導視的視覺地位，造成功能發揮減弱。在文化性的建筑和廣場周圍，導視設計也缺乏對特定環境的文化內蘊和鮮明突出形象特征的體現。設計實踐與理論研究各立門戶，孤立發展，缺乏有效的聯系協調，造成設計觀念更新不足，導視設計和設置與城市建筑空間的發展不能同步。其中較為突出的問題是缺少系統規范、科學合理、效力性高的導視系統設計。再次，導視系統指示信息不明確，甚至錯誤，即“信息盲區”、“信息誤區”導致導視系統功能失效。“信息盲區”指導視系統缺乏信息指示的連貫性，在局部區域出現中斷，容易造成人們判斷模糊。“信息誤區”指導視系統的實指內容錯誤、含混不清，或者位置安放不合理、有偏差，抑或語言內容有歧義，容易造成理解差異等。“信息盲區”和“信息誤區”的存在容易導致人們的判斷錯誤，給出行帶來極大不便。最后，國內部分導視牌選用材料偽劣，使用壽命短暫，直接影響整體環境品質，造成不必要的資源浪費。這些問題都有待城市的建設者和參與者們能夠給予足夠的重視，加強監督與管理，積極改善導視發展環境。
I. The development of public guide design in our country.
Compared with foreign countries, although the guide design of our country started late, it developed very quickly. In 1938, the national standard gb3818-1983 was promulgated for the first time, and 15 graphic symbols used in public places were stipulated in the standard. The development and implementation of these standard symbols have created a precedent for standardization of public information graphic symbols in China. After 2000, the state bureau of quality and technical supervision has issued a GB/T10001 "logo with public information graphic symbol" series standard, the standard symbol for the species divided more, the message content is more accurate and vivid, the rapid development of urban space, would send charcoal in the fire. In some eastern developed cities, the development of guided vision is quite mature. Such regions, such as guangzhou, shenzhen and Shanghai, represent the development frontier of the design of China's guide system. Many fully functional and unique guided vision systems play an important role in the convenience of people's life. Good material foundation and technical support provide an unprecedented opportunity for the development of visual design. The wide application of new materials and new technologies greatly improves the function of the guide.
Of course, there are many problems. First of all, the integrity of various environmental guide planning is not strong, and the coordination of environment is not enough, and the design concept is not updated. The quantitative production of the guide card is very serious, which neglects the relationship between environment and culture. Especially in many business environments, the design of the guide system is monotonous and lacks the overall consideration of space. The clutter of advertising signs fills the city space, grabs the visual status of the guide and weakens the function. In cultural buildings and squares, the guide design also lacks the embodiment of the cultural connotation and distinctive features of the specific environment. Design practice and theory to study the vertical portal, isolation, lack of effective contact coordination, causing insufficient design concept updating, advertising design and set up and the development of urban construction space cannot be synchronized. The more prominent problem is the lack of system specification, scientific and reasonable and effective guidance system design. Once again, the guidance system indicates that the information is not clear, or even wrong, that is, "information blind area" and "information misunderstanding", which leads to the failure of the navigation system function. The "information blind area" guidance system lacks the coherence of the information instruction, and the interruption in the local area can easily cause people to judge the ambiguity. The "information erroneous zone" instructs the system to refer to the incorrect, ambiguous and ambiguous content of the system, or whether the location is unreasonable, deviant, or the language content is ambiguous, and it is easy to understand the difference. The existence of "information blind area" and "information erroneous zone" can easily lead to people's error of judgment, causing great inconvenience to travel. In the end, the domestic partial guide card chooses the material false and inferior, the service life is short, directly affects the overall environmental quality, causes unnecessary resources to waste. All these problems need to be paid enough attention by city builders and participants to strengthen supervision and management, and actively improve the development environment.
二、公共空間導視設計案例解析
１、文化型導視設計
每個民族都有自我實現的愿望和追求，都在用自己的方式表現自己，這使得越來越多的有識之士意識到了設計的“本土化”問題，設計必須融入當地的文化才能得到可持續發展。特別是在中國，設計本土化是需要迫切解決的問題。設計本土化并不是對傳統中國文化的簡單繼承——對文化“形”的簡單套用和照搬，而是要將中國傳統文化的精髓——“神”融入設計之中。所謂“神”是指思想的東西，精神的東西。對文化元素的直接引用，對文化符號的抽象概括，對文化內涵的間接所指，都是文化性的設計體現。
麗江是云南最負盛名的旅游城市，其濃郁的民族文化內涵把古城裝點得格外耀眼。在這里，導視不僅僅是指引人們辨別方向的指示牌，也充分展現了地域民族文化的內涵。在材料的選擇上，麗江導視選用自然樸實的木材做基礎骨架，與傳統的建筑和街巷空間融為一體，自然而和諧。在造型設計上，于細節處體現民族文化特色。在文字設計上，選擇了中文、東巴文、英文三語并用，充分地考慮了指示功能的完備，體現了人性化設計的要求。整體形式統一而局部有變化的導視系統與古鎮充滿濃郁民俗風情的商業店面融為一體，顯示出了獨特的魅力。在此，導視更多的成為環境的文化載體。
２、生態環保型導視設計
生態環保型導視設計的出現使導視系統達到一種與環境的“和諧共生”關系。是一種設計源于環境，融于環境，不破壞環境，尊重環境的理念。生態環保型的導視主要從設計的主題和材料上進行理解，從設計風格上進行區分。落實到具體設計上，即是指設計與環境協調共存，對環境的影響程度客觀上達到最小。從主題上來說，此類導視設置的目的和內容主要在于鼓勵民眾的環保行為和提高環保意識。體現在材料的選擇上，首先是指使用生態材料，不對人類產生危害；其次是多采用物美價廉的天然石材、竹木、生物降解材料等。為了節約成本，設計師通常把材料的選取定位在本地生材料上，這些材料物美價廉，并能與自然環境很好地協調，在成本上也大大縮減了運輸費用。體現在色彩的選擇上，能否與整體環境協調，不造成視覺污染。如新近設立的天目山導視，其構架設計就是在尊重整體環境，體現人文文化的基礎上，根據中國傳統木結構建造原理設計制作的。導視系統和公共基礎設施均選用木質材料（炭化了的防腐木），非常適宜抵擋天目山濕氣的侵蝕；整個導視系統的色彩定位深沉暗淡，呈現出古樸自然感，不會與天目山的環境色彩產生沖突。其導視牌的高度、寬度、厚度、色彩搭配以及文字的字體、大小、色彩等在設計前都進行過人體工程學測試，以最大限度地滿足旅游者的視覺需要和明確的導向性需要。不僅自然、環保，還蘊含天目山的歷史文化知識，提高了天目山的旅游品位。
3、個性型導視設計
個性型導視設計是當代人追尋的一種實現自我價值的設計形式，通常十分注重體現環境設計主題。但其個性設計體現的是相對的，受環境實體的限制很多。個性的體現最好理解成既與整體環境協調，又與眾不同，有自己的內涵。
如香港迪斯尼樂園導視系統設計可謂標新立異。其設計經濟上耗材不浪費，色彩上豐富多彩，造型上形象生動、易于識別。不同的主題園中，導視設計的風格各具特色，令人眼花繚亂。可以說，迪斯尼的導視設計比任何城市空間的導視設計都更加富有個性和創意。其形態奇特、內容多樣、色彩豐富、整體感覺神話夢幻而不失功能性。迪斯尼導視使人們充分體會到創作的無限性，即使是常規性的設施，同樣可以如此豐富多彩。由此我們不難認知，設計是為滿足需求而無定式的，公共設施的藝術想象性可以被發揮到極致，但是切忌一味地追求個性，忽略了本質的東西反而得不償失。
4、節能型導視設計
在生態環保觀念的影響下，越來越多的人意識到低碳生活對人類發展的重要意義。設計是為人服務的，在滿足人的需求之時，也需要遵照社會大眾的經濟承受水平，從可持續的發展戰略來轉換設計品質與設計實用之間的矛盾，改變設計無畏浪費的趨勢。針對夜間燈光的暗淡影響到導視作用的發揮問題，人們在導視標牌上安裝了照明設施。在香港，導視不僅考慮了行人的需要，還考慮了駕駛員的需要，導視牌內安裝有發光設備，夜間駕駛員在車上就可看清楚導視信息，行人查閱也非常方便。這種設計不僅滿足了導視指引方向的功能，還起到了路燈的作用，兩者的合二為一，減少了公共設施占據的空間范圍，減少了視覺干擾，從成本上節約了材料，是適應可持續性發展的設計新思路。
在國內，我們也嘗試了經濟節能型設計，如變照明方式為節能燈，利用太陽能設施發電滿足路燈夜間照明；對導視材料選擇夜間自發光材料；或者索性把路燈、電話亭、坐椅等外環境設施與導視系統進行重組設計。雖然這樣的設計案例目前較少，但發展的前景強勢，經濟性、實用性很高。
II. Case analysis of public space guide design.
1. Cultural guide design.
Every nation has desire and pursuit of self-realization, are in their own way to express themselves, which makes more and more people aware of the problem of "localization" of the design, the design must be integrated into the local culture in order to get sustainable development. Especially in China, design localization is an urgent problem. The localization of design is not a simple inheritance of traditional Chinese culture -- a simple form of cultural "shape", but the essence of Chinese traditional culture -- "god" is integrated into the design. The so-called "god" refers to the things of thought and spirit. The direct reference to cultural elements, the abstract generalization of cultural symbols, the indirect reference to cultural connotation, are all cultural design embodiment.
Lijiang is one of the most famous tourist cities in yunnan, and its rich cultural connotations make the ancient city extremely bright. Here, guided vision is not only a sign guiding people's direction, but also fully demonstrates the connotation of regional ethnic culture. In the selection of materials, lijiang guide chooses natural and simple wood as the base skeleton, which is integrated with traditional architecture and street space, and is natural and harmonious. In the shape design, the details reflect the national cultural characteristics. In the text design, choose Chinese, dongba wen, English three language use, fully considered the instruction function complete, embodies the humanized design request. The overall form of the unified and local variation of the guide system and the ancient town full of strong folk customs of the commercial storefront integration, showing the unique charm. In this, the guide sees more to become the cultural carrier of the environment.
2. Ecological environmental protection type guide design.
The appearance of eco - friendly guide design makes the guide system achieve a "harmonious symbiosis" relationship with the environment. It is a concept of design that originates from the environment, integrates with the environment, does not damage the environment, and respects the environment. The guide of eco-environmental protection is mainly understood from the theme and material of design, and it is distinguished from the design style. In terms of specific design, it means that the design and environmental coordination coexist, and the impact on the environment is objectively minimal. On the theme, the purpose and content of this kind of guide setting is to encourage people's environmental protection behavior and raise awareness of environmental protection. In the choice of materials, first of all, the use of ecological materials does not harm human beings. The second is the use of natural stone, bamboo, biodegradable materials, etc. In order to save costs, designers usually locate the selection of materials in the local raw materials, these materials are inexpensive, and can be coordinated well with the natural environment, also greatly reduce the transportation cost on cost. Reflected in the choice of color, can coordinate with the overall environment, do not cause visual pollution. Like the newly established tianmu mountain guide, its architectural design is based on the respect of the overall environment, reflecting the humanistic culture, and based on the construction principle of Chinese traditional wooden structure. The guide system and the public infrastructure are all made of wood (carbonized anticorrosive wood), which is very suitable to resist the moisture of the mountain. The color positioning of the whole guide system is dark and dark, presenting a natural sense of simplicity and will not conflict with the environment of tianmu mountain. Its advertising height, width, thickness, colour collocation and text font, size, color and so on before the design is made of human body engineering test, to maximize meet the needs of the tourist's visual and clear guidance. Not only natural and environmental protection, but also contains the history and cultural knowledge of tianmu mountain, and improved the tourist grade of tianmu mountain.
3. Personalized guide design.
Personalized guide design is a kind of design form that contemporary people seek to realize self-worth, and usually pays great attention to the theme of environmental design. But its personality design reflects the relative, the environment entity is restricted a lot. The embodiment of individuality is best understood as being in harmony with the whole environment, and different, having its own connotation.
For example, the design of the guide system of Hong Kong Disneyland is very different. Its design economy consumables not waste, color is rich and colorful, modelling is vivid, easy to recognize. Different theme park, the style of guide design each has its own characteristics, dazzling. It can be said that Disney's guide design is more individualistic and creative than the guide design of any urban space. Its shape is peculiar, the content is varied, the color is rich, the whole feels the myth dream without losing the function. Disney's vision allows people to fully appreciate the limitless scope of creation, and even the conventional facilities can be so colorful. Cognitive, thus it is easy to design is to meet demand without pattern, imaginative art can be in the public facilities, but don't blindly pursue individuality, ignored the essence of things actually do more harm than good.
4. Energy-saving guide design.
Under the influence of eco-environmental protection concept, more and more people realize the importance of low-carbon life to human development. Design is a service, to meet the needs of the people, also need to comply with the public economic level, from the sustainable development strategy to transform the design quality and design the contradiction between the practical and the trend of the change design bold waste. In light of the dimming effect of the night light, people have installed lighting on the guide sign. In Hong Kong, advertising not only consider the needs of pedestrians, and also consider the needs of the driver, guide light emitting devices are installed in the card, the driver in the car at night can see advertising information, the pedestrian access is also very convenient. This design not only meet the guide depending on the direction function, also have the effect of the street lamp, a combination of both, reduced the space of public facilities occupy, reduce visual noise, save material, from cost is to adapt to the sustainable development of the design of the new way of thinking.
At home, we also tried the economical energy-saving design, such as changing the lighting mode as energy-saving lamp, and using solar energy to generate electricity to meet the night lighting of street lamps; The night spontaneous light material was selected for the guide material. Or to reorganize the street lamp, telephone booth, chair and other environmental facilities and guide system. Although such design cases are few at present, the prospect of development is strong, economical and practical.
三、結語
通過對國內導視發展現狀的深入分析，筆者認為導視設計必須遵循以下要點：
1、設計體現人與自然的和諧，要充分考慮自然與人文景觀特色，使導視自然地融入景觀之中，不顯得突兀。
2、設計體現文化內涵。導視系統設計要對景觀進行人文精神的提煉，以幫助塑造、強化區域文化特征。
3、設計體現人文關懷，提高幸福指數。導視系統規劃設計不僅僅要方便人們出行，更要讓人們在環境中體會到人性的關懷，這對倡揚健康、發展積極向上的生活方式很有幫助。
4、設計必須注重實用性。導視系統的設計方案需要充分考慮經濟實用性，在材質選擇、制作方法、設置地點等因素上嚴格把關，保證導視系統的經久耐用。總之，一個成功的導視設計除了要做到“功能化和服務性”相結合，同時還要以一種美學的形式體現出地域文化特色極其個性。
III. Endnotes
Through the in-depth analysis of the current situation of domestic guide development, the author believes that the following points should be followed in the guide design:
1. The design reflects the harmony between man and nature, and the natural and humanistic landscape features should be fully considered, so that the guide is naturally integrated into the landscape without appearing abrupt.
2. Design reflects cultural connotation. The design of the guide system should refine the cultural spirit of the landscape to help shape and strengthen the regional cultural characteristics.
3. Designed to reflect humanistic care and improve the happiness index. The planning and design of the guide system should not only facilitate people's travel, but also allow people to feel the concern of human nature in the environment, which is helpful for advocating healthy and developing a positive lifestyle.
4. Design must focus on practicality. The design plan of the guide system needs to consider the economic practicality fully, and strictly control the material selection, production method, setting location and other factors, so as to ensure the durability of the guide system. In a word, a successful guide design should be combined with "functionalization and service", and in the form of an aesthetic form, it should reflect the unique characteristics of regional culture.